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砚亦称为研,中国传统手工艺品之一,砚与笔、墨、纸合称中国传统的文房四宝,是中国书法的必备用具。砚材的运用也极为广泛,其中以山东青州的红丝砚、广东肇庆的端砚、安徽古歙州(今黄山)的歙砚、甘肃卓尼的洮河砚最为突出,称“四大名砚”。
汉代刘熙写的《释名》中解释:“砚者研也,可研墨使和濡也”。它是由原始社会的研磨器演变而来。初期的砚,形态原始,是用一块小研石在一面磨平的石器上压墨丸研磨成墨汁。至汉时,砚上出现了雕刻,有石盖,下带足。魏晋至隋出现了圆形瓷砚,由三足而多足。箕形砚是唐代常见的砚式,形同簸箕,砚底一端落地,一端以足支撑。唐、宋时,砚台的造型更加多样化。
砚台历经秦汉、魏晋,至唐代起,各地相继发现适合制砚的石料,开始以石为主的砚台制作。其中采用山东青州的红丝砚、广东端州的端石、安徽歙州的歙石及甘肃临洮的洮河石制作的砚台,被分别称作红丝砚、端砚、歙砚、洮河砚。后世人们便将红丝砚、端、歙、临洮砚称作四大名砚。清末,人们又将山西的澄泥砚与端、歙、洮并列为中国四大名砚。
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